Challenges Facing Welfare States in the EC

The institutionalization of social rights in those republics in the main benefitted the working and lower income classes. As Macdonald & Wastell said recently, "the cradle-to-grave goodbeing state has encouraged people to regard that they will be looked by and by in old age."

Retrenchment. by the middle of the 1980s, it had become obvious, as the atomic number 63an Economic Commission pointed out in 1986, that

"the arch in social aegis no longer involves the lengthening of coverage to new categories of beneficiaries or higher benefits. Austerity policies and allow existing levels of protection to be maintained where they do not impose drastic cuts in social security budgets."

Retrenchment in social services and funding therefor came about as a result of the economic doldrums of the 1970s and the

demands of a more competitive global economy. The prototypal waves of reduction in government welfare spending were operose in areas such as housing subsidies, public income supplements for the wiped out(p) and unemployment benefits. In the late 1980s, Brown reports that "all European welfare states continued to favor the elderly as they had during the first phases of retrenchment."

demographic Factors. In the 1990s and beyond, various demographic factors were making it more difficult for the EC states to avoid cutbacks in funding for the donjon and take of the elderly:

(1) A combination of improved medical examination care and declining rates of fertility were resulting in an imbalan

Pensions and National Health Insurance. The basic underpinning of EC theme social welfare plans, which protect the elderly as well as others, are their government-subsidized or managed pension and national wellness service programs and other social subsidies for the poor, the sick, the elderly and the disable.

First give of the Social Code, Art. 10.

The Scandinavian and Benelux countries expect been in the forefront of the execution to provide more comprehensive home health care and community services for the elderly. A 1994 publication by the Council of Europe in 1994 said that "out-patient care for the elderly is best in Denmark, Netherlands and Sweden" and less comprehensive in the poorer countries of southern Europe and Ireland.

In 1992, Spain has announced the initiation of a National Elder-Care Plan and the Irish propose to do the same.

Leonard Heumann & Duncan P. Boldy, eds., Aging in Place with arrogance International Solutions Relating to the Low-Income and Frail Elderly (1993).

Catherine Tunissen & Matt Knappen, The National circumstance of Social Innovation-The Netherlands, in Pynoos & Liebig, supra, 7.

EC Social Policies. Some observers believe that while national governments have shifted to the right, EC authorities have had as their social polity objective, according to Brewster & Teagre, "the harmonisation and the innovative upgrading of standards in employment practices and in the labour market more generally amongst the member states." They say that the 1957 Treaty of Rome reflected a "minimalist approach" to social policy. Under EC policy directives issued pursuant to the European Social Charter signed in Torino on October 15, 1961, EC has taken a number of initiatives relating to the rights of the disabled which are discussed below, but matters relating to the care of the elderly have roughly entirely been left to the member governments. However, EC has made its square up felt in the area of gender discrimination which is forbidden und
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