The World at the beginning of the 20th century was a very different place from what is was to be two generations later. origin exclusivelyy this was so because Europe was still the center of the universe, both politically and economically, and Europe was still in the main the Europe of the ancien régime. (Petrie 7). By the year 1901, Europes nineteenth-century promises had become substantial realities: the nation state, underlying government, and a predominantly secularized society. Europe had also gained a sight of world predominance, which was then lost in the course of the twentieth century because of two catastrophic wars. wide Britain was the foremost naval Power with no continental commitments, just as Germany was the great land Power. The United States was still a debtor country, and uncomplete the United States, Italy, nor Japan claimed the status of World Powers. Spain was temporarily in eclipse. The partition of Africa between the Great Powers was still in worried progress. The British Commonwealth of Nations had not yet replaced the British Empire, simply there was still a United solid ground of Great Britain and Ireland, over which Queen Victoria, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India, bore sway. (Petrie 10).
Four great empires, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Turkey, prevail continental Europe east of the Rhine, just as one-third great empires, the British, the Russian, and the Chinese, dominated Asia. It was a glittering facade, but it was light more. (Petrie 9). The appearance of a European order was preserved by the immense forces of tradition and sentiment, as well as by the fear universally felt by elder statesmen of all countries that even the most modest attempts at repair or readjustment would bring the whole structure to...
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